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文物是一部活着的历史 本书包含历代实体古钱币及描述和历朝简介，如下： 六和一统——秦 如果商，周王朝还缺放令人信服的宏大气势，到了秦汉时代，盛世之声便真正奏响了。以血火为洗礼，刑罚为药石的秦代专治政治，凭着尊今博古的自信力在强制中创造和毁灭。秦王朝虽然历时短暂。却是我国历史上第一个统一全国的封建王朝、秦始皇设立的一系列政治制度、行政机构和官僚体制，对后世影响深远。秦朝百姓所建造的万里长城、灵渠、秦始皇陵兵马俑等伟大工程，是中华民族永远的骄傲。 半两 秦统一后，货币也归于一统，将六国复杂的货币形制归于方孔圆钱。此后这种象征天元地方的钱币形式沿用了两千多年，直至近代。秦时，将货币分为两等，黄金为上币：圆形方孔的铜钱为下币，以半两为单位。 国号是政权的名称。年号是时代的标志。 泱泱汉风——汉 汉王朝吸取秦朝速亡的历史教训，既着力加强中央集权统治，又注重统治思想和政策的调整。汉朝出现了政治、经济、科技、文化的全面建树，出现了我国古代史上统一后第一个盛世。尤其是汉武帝统治的半个世纪，我国成为当时世界上最强盛的国家。汉朝人才辈出，将军卫青、霍去病，李广名扬海外，张骞出使西域，中外交往从此进入密切联系的时代；司马迁向后世展示了中国传统史学的成就。 文景之治 文景之治政绩斐然，丹青留迹。史称“周云成康，汉言文景”赞美周、汉两代的太平盛世。前179年，汉文帝继位。在外和内安的条件下，文帝轻弄法，减赋税，亲儒臣，求贤良。时人多弃农从商。为移风易俗，他亲耕籍田，为天下先。孔子说“其身正，不令而行”。文帝躬行德政、四海影从。文帝去世后，景帝继位，他仍贯彻文帝的治国方针。清净恭俭，安养天下。文景先后统治了39年。这一时期社会相对安定，生产逐渐恢复，经济趋向繁荣，人口有所增长。所谓“人给家足都鄙廪庾皆满，而府库馀货财；京师之钱累巨万，贯朽而不可校；太仓之粟陈陈相因，充溢露积于外，至腐败不可食。” 四铢半两 西汉文帝以前，一个帝王，不论时间多久，都是既不改元，又无年号，一元到底，概称为某某王或者某某帝的某某年，如周武王元年、汉高祖二年等。中国历史上的正式改元，是从汉文帝开始的，正式年号是从汉武帝开始的。 汉初承袭秦制，沿用各式大小半两钱。文帝时，社会经济开始恢复，为适应商品交易的需求，铸四铢半两钱。铢是秦汉时期的纪重单位，一两等于二十四铢。 巍巍汉武 武帝初年，汉王朝的国力已达鼎盛。他在先辈积累的丰富物质基础上，开始新的治国征程。他的先辈奉行的多是“寡欲政治”，位尊威重的汉武帝这是外儒内法，求广大、进取、建功立业。他当政五十年，文治武功臻于鼎盛。一方面南征北讨开疆拓土，另一方面在政治、经济、文化上加强整饬，铺张规模，使国家积聚财力，网罗人才：武帝在位五十余年，把儒家思想规定为立国理论，开后世先河。当时，吏安其职，民安其业，信威匈奴，国家强盛。 西汉五铢 武帝于公元前一四零年首创《建元》年号，开历代使用年号之先河，建即创立、首创，元则有天地万物的本原或始、第一之意。 公元前一一三年，武帝将铸币权统归中央，由上林三官负责铸五铢钱。这是世界上最早由国家造币厂出品的钱币。 光武中兴 永乐盛世 创业之君，为夺取政权消磨诸多岁月：开国伊始，又忙于恢复经济、巩固政权、国未大治即撒手人寰。即位之君往往知创业艰难，守成不易，能居安思危，励精图治。因此历代王朝的太平盛世常不在第一代君王时期，而在第二、第三代君王的治下。东汉开国皇帝光武帝先后九次颁布释放奴婢和禁止虏杀奴婢的命令；废除王莽时期的苛捐杂税，并组织军队屯垦种粮；在全国撒并400余县，裁剪大批官吏。光武帝在位期间，社会稳定，土地得到开垦，政府控制的户数从1400多万增加到2400多万。汉光武帝之子明帝则具有民贵君轻的思想和忧患意识。他沿着光武帝开创的道路步步前行。终于达到“天下太平，人无徭役，岁比登稔，百姓殷富，粟斛三十，牛羊被野“的水平盛世。 东汉五铢 东汉初立时，杂用前朝旧钱，货币经济出现衰退，实物交换在商品流通中占主导地位。建武十六年（公元四十年）才重新开铸五铢钱，即东汉五铢。 有时一个皇帝在位期间，并没有什么新气象，也每喜欢更换一下年号，以表示又开始了一个新的历史阶段。光武帝，年号建武、建武中元、明帝；年号永平。 昙花一现——隋 在杨坚统治下，开皇年间的农业生产有了发展，这也是社会发展的首要条件。开皇九年（公元589年）全国有垦田732余万顷，开皇年间的垦田是东汉的26倍。隋文帝治国有道，在政治、经济等方面采取了一系列的改革措施，促进了社会的发展。在隋文帝的精心治理下，隋朝社会经济繁荣，国力强盛。开皇二十一年（公元592年），国家仓库里全部储满了粮食，不得不免除全国租赋。赏赐给老百姓。当时国库里储藏的物质足以供五六十年用，于此可见当时国库丰实情况。 隋五铢 隋文帝于开皇元年开始改革币制，严禁一切旧钱和私铸钱流通。到开皇五年，全国货币归于统一，随着历史的发展，年号由单一的纪年功用，逐步增加了其它功能，如表示祈福、歌颂等。隋文帝杨坚年号开皇、仁寿。 盛唐气象——唐 千百年来，人们一直把唐视为封建社会的一个鼎盛时期。唐帝国曾是当时全球最强盛、最先进的国度。欧洲的东罗马帝国、法兰克帝国和拜占庭帝国都不能与唐相比。李唐王朝曾把中国的社会经济、政治、文化推到了史无前例的高度，这一时期的许多历史人物、事件和典章制度，被人们传颂不已。时至今日，在国外很多地方，仍习惯将“华人”称为“唐人”，并有专门的“唐人街”。可见盛唐气象影响深远。 贞观之治 千百年来，唐太宗时期的贞观之治一直是人们交口称赞的封建治世的榜样。其内涵非常丰富，广开言路，选用贤能，依法办事是其基本特征。唐贞观时期，中央政府的官员只有六百余人，这是唐太宗“官在得人，不在员多”精神的实践。其时，政治清明，社会安定，阶级矛盾相对缓和。630年，全国判死刑者仅29人。社会经济也出现了繁荣景象，国力随之强盛。唐太宗贞观年间，米一斗只有三、四钱，百姓耕于田，马羊遍布于野，这和“人烟断绝，鸡犬不闻”的隋末疮痍景象是天壤之别。贞观三年，开始出现了“远夷率服，百谷丰稔 ，盗贼不作，内外安静”的大治景象。贞观时代，由于政治的清明，导致了经济、军事、文化上的日益繁荣。 开元通宝 每次立新年号都是朝廷的一件大事，极为慎重，要有执政大臣和文人学士集中讨论，拟出多条供皇上选择。唐高祖年号武德，太宗李世民年号贞观。唐高祖武德四年。废除沿用了七百余年的五铢钱，改铸开元通宝。开元为唐代开国之意。 开元盛世 唐玄宗是唐史上著名的开元皇帝。盛唐时代最高统治者。开元年间，唐朝国富民安，疆土辽阔，被誉为“贞观之风，一朝复振”。他革新政治，采取了裁汰冗官、精简机构、限制佛教势力的发展等一系列措施。玄宗注意使用人才，善于纳谏。他先后任命武则天时提拔的官吏姚崇、宋璟做宰相。他们为拨乱反正、振兴唐室立下了汗马功劳。玄宗还很重视发展农业生产、大兴水利。他统治时期，唐朝进入了全盛时期，全方位地对外开放，既有经济贸易的往来，也有文化思想的交流，还有政治领域的接触。在人类文明的相互吸纳与共同进步史上，唐代的对外开放，写下了极为辉煌灿烂的一页。史家用“财物山积”，诗人用“稻米流脂粟米白，公私仓廩具丰实”来形容这种繁盛的时代风貌。 开元通宝 开元通宝钱在唐代共铸行了两百余年，按其铸行轨迹划分为早、中、晚三个历史时期。中期钱币上出现了星月纹饰。据传月纹为杨贵妃手掐进呈样钱所留甲痕。玄宗年号有先天、开元、天宝。此时开元之意不同于钱文，应为开辟新纪元之意了。 两京梦华——宋 宋朝是一个充满矛盾的时代。 一边是酒楼茶肆，歌舞升平；一边是边患不断，战事连年。中国人在北宋时首次突破一亿，物质文明水准和城市手工业者及商业达到前所未有的繁荣。但宋朝也是一个中国封建社会由盛而衰的转折时代，武功不足，文治有余。 咸平之治 北宋末年张择端所绘《清明上河图》。描绘了恩恩都城汴梁清明时节景色。概括说来，可谓百业兴旺，熙熙攘攘，北宋城市经济之繁华尽显其中。宋真宗赵恒立志图强，对腐败的吏治进行整顿，大量裁剪冗员、冗兵、冗费；注重经济发展和文化教育，休息养民；昭命群臣条奏备边御敌之策。任用才俊之士抗击契丹和党项的侵略，使社会得到安定。就在咸平年间的短短数年间，人口将近翻番。财政状况得到好转，一度出现过咸平之治的小康景象，使人一下子就想起《清明上河图》的熙熙攘攘，在动乱频繁的宋代，这大可算是一段好时光。 咸平元宝 公元九九八年始 景德元宝公元一零零四年 祥符元宝公元一零零八年始 天禧通包 公元一零零七年始 真宗年号有咸平、景德、大中祥符、天禧、乾兴。其中以大中祥符年号的命名最为有趣。史载。真宗梦见一神人降天书《大中祥符》三篇，后果然有天书降在承天门，上面写着赵恒当皇帝为天命所属。因此概念号为《大中祥符》并铸钱以示庆贺。 日月云烟——明 作为中央王权的体现，明统治者自视为“天朝上国”。从洪武开国至宣宗朝，约为明代前朝，为明代比较好的一段。政治统一，经济繁荣，秩序稳定，树立权威，在各方面修整纲纪，与民休息，不能说“大治”，但可称安定。开国君主尚能节俭爱养修政爱民。明中期以后便渐无约束，由朴入奢。 洪武之治，永乐之治 朱元璋在政治、军事等方面对前朝的制度改革鼎新，集军权大政于一身，加强了中央集权，在经济上采取而来一系列恢复和发展社会经济的措施，使社会经济在洪武年间就达到了历史最高水平。为明代社会经济的繁荣奠定了良好的基础。1393年（洪武二十六年）的4倍多。手工业和商业也日趋发达。在洪武年间奠定的这个基础上，社会生产在此后的永乐、洪熙、宣德三朝一直继续向前。明成祖年间，明帝国达到了全盛时期。其时，郑和七次下西洋，成为中国乃至世界航海史上的壮举。此举宣扬了国威，促进了对外经济和文化的交流。从建文元年（公元1399年）到宣德十年（公元1435年）的30多年中，明代历经建文、永乐、洪熙和宣德四朝，经过增建机构、完善制度、迁都北京、开发边疆等一系列的重大措施，达到了空前的统一系列的重大措施，达到了空前的统一和强盛。但在另一方面在号称“宇内富庶”、“天下太平”的明代初年、已经在富庶太平的背后，潜伏着深度的不可克服的政治危机。 永乐通宝 公元一四零三年始 朱元璋的开国年号为洪武，洪为大，武为勇猛、刚健，可见朱元璋对武力的重视和宏大气度。永乐是永远喜乐与安乐之意。由此可见创业者与守成者不同的治国思想。 清风斜阳——清 但中国人沉浸在自己的盛世中期，西方已经开始了工业革命。在历史的竞赛上，中国人落后了。“一个人口几乎占人类三分之一的大帝国，不顾事实安于现状，人为地隔绝于世并因此竭力以天朝尽善尽美的幻想自欺。这样一个帝国注定最后要在一场殊死的决斗中被打垮。”马克思称之为“奇异的悲歌。”此后仅100多年的历史，就彻底地改变了中国在世界格局中的地位，中国由一个洋洋自得的天朝大国急剧地坠入落后挨打的境地。 康乾盛世 自康熙经雍正至乾隆的130多年，形成了中国历史上又一个辉煌盛世，史称康乾盛世。清朝前期的这三位统治者善于总结历朝历代的统治经验，采取了有利于社会安定和经济发展的积极措施，使康乾盛世无论是在繁荣的质上还是量上，都远逾前代，具有集大成之势。这一时期，中国社会的各个方面在原有的体系框架下达到极致。乾隆末年，中国经济总量占世界第一位，人口占世界三分之一，对外贸易长期出超，以致英国迟迟不能扭转对华贸易的逆差。 康熙通宝 公元一六六二年始 乾隆通宝 公元一七三六年始 康熙通宝钱铜量足，背有满文和满汉纪铸局两种。康为安乐、安宁、丰盛、广大之意；而熙在古语中同《禧》，兼有吉祥、光明、兴盛之意。 乾是八卦中的首卦，象天、象君、象阳。而乾本身又有刚健之意。隆则是盛大、丰厚、尊崇的意思。乾隆谐音为《钱隆》和《牵龙》，颇受商人和孩子长辈的喜爱。 六和一统 Qin-Six-in-One Unity If the magnificence of the Shang and Zhou dynasties could not convince people to believe the beginning of the flourishing ages, the Qin and Han did initiate the ages, Wars and criminal law enhanced the confidence to the Qin that was created and extinguished in forces. Though the Qin existed less than twenty years, it was the first feudal wmpire in unity in Chinese history. Its political systems and bureaucratic procedures influenced the after generations deeply. The construction projects like the Great Wall,Lingqu and the Emperor Qin Shihuang's terra-cotta warriors and horses are the eternal pride of Chinese nation. Ban Liang (issued from 336 B.C.) After the unification of the Qin Dynasty, the complicated coinage systems of other six states were also unified into one form: round shape and a hole in the centre. So the monetary form of round-shape coins withe a square hole in the center underwent no major changes over the 2,000-old years since.During this period,the currency was divided into two kinds:gold, the higher order, and bronze coin, the lower order. The title of a reigning dynasty is a regime ' s name, while the year-title the symbol of times. 泱泱汉风 Han-A Great and Proud Dynasty Drawing a lesson from the Qin, the Han Dynasty exerted to reinforce the rule of centralization and paid great attention to the regulation of thoughts and policies as well.The contributions on politics, economy, culture, science and technology made the Han the first flourishing period in Chinese history, especially the half century of the Han Wu Di 's reign, the strongest country then in the world. 文景之治 Wen Jing Zhi Zhi, the Peaceful Times from Wen Di to Jing Di Lots of records praised the brilliant achievenents in the reigns of Wen Di and Jing Di. Siety became peaceful and steady agter Han Wen Di succeded to the throne in 179 B.C.. Apart from reducing taxes, hobnobbing withe officials and seeking for wisdoms, Han Wen Di himself cultivated land to develop agriculture. After his death , Han Jing Di followed out his policies in managing a state. During 39 years of the Wen Di and Jing Di reigns, society was relatively stable, productions gradually recovered, economy inclined to prosperous and popilation incresed.Hence the name Wen Jing Zhi Zhi. Si Zhu Ban Liang Year-titles did not come into use until the reign of Emperor Wen Di of the Han Dynasty, and formally were used form the Wu Di reign in Chinese history. Before the period of Emperor Wen Di, a monarch, whatever how long he was in the throne, always had one title from the beginning to the end. In the early Han Dynasty, various Ban Liang coins were still in circulation. Till the Wen Di reign, social economy gradually got back, thus Si Zhu Ban Liang coins cast to meet the needs of trade exchanges. Zhu was the until of weight during the Qin and Han periods. 巍巍汉武 The Towering Years of Han Wu Di At the beginning of the Han Wu Di reign, the national power had reached its height. Unlike the predecessors who were comparatively conservative, Emperor Han Wu Di managed the state in a very bold way. The fifty years of the Wu Di reign was at the height of power and splendor, in which the emperor exploded territory; carried out reforms on a large scale in politics, economy and culture; accumulated fund and gathered wisdoms. He was the first one who ordered confucianism as the national theory. Western Han Wu Zhu (issued from 118 B.C.) Emperor Han Wu Di was the first one who initiated the year-title (Jian Yuan )in Chinese history. "Jian" indicates the founding, "Yuan" the beginning. In 113 B.C.,Emperor Han Wu Di took back the right of minting coins, ordered Shang Lin San Guan, the first national mint in the world, to cast Wu Zhu coins. 光武中兴 永平盛世 Guang Wu Zhong Xing and Yong Ping Sheng Shi, Resurgence in the Years of Emperor Guang Wu Di and Prosperity in the Yong Ping Reign Every founder spent most of his lifetime in capturing the regime, recovering economy and solidifying the regime. Meanwhile. The successors, knowing the hardships of founding a dynasty, were always prepared for danger in times of safety and exerted their all efforts to male the country prosperous, thus a millennium commonly came in the second or third emperor of a dynasty, instead of the first one. Emperor Guang Wu Di, the founder of the Eastern Han Dynasty , successively ordered to release slaves and forbid to kill them for nine times; abolished exorbitant taxes and levies, organized armies to cultivate land to store up provisions. During his reign, the society was steady and the residential houses reached more than 21 million. Eastern Han Wu Zhu (issued from 40 A.D) Coins of the Previous regime were still in circulation at the beginning of the Eastern Han, which resulted in the decline of monetary economy and barter trade. Eastern Han Zhu was not issued until the sixteenth year of the Jian Wu reign (40A.D). A new year-title usually expresses the beginning of a new stage. 昙花一现 Sui-An Ephemeral Dynasty Yang Jian, the founder of the Sui, developed agriculture on a large scale, which laid a foundation to the dynasty. In, the ninth year of the Kai Huang reign, arable lands reached 19.40million qing all over the country, 2.6 times than that in the Eastern Han Dynasty. A series of reforms adopted in politics and economy accelerated the social development, thus made the Sui a flowering and strong nation. Sui Wu Zhu (issued from 581 A.D.) Emperor Sui Wen Di unjfied the coinage in the fifth year of the Kai Huang reign after the reform in the first year of the Kai Huang reign. Besides the function of counting years, year-titles like Kai Huang and Ren Shou, bear meanings of praying good fortune of praising. 盛唐气象 Tang-Flourishing Atmosphere For thousand years, the Tang was considered the peak of feudal society in Chinese history. Rome Empire, Frankford and Byzantine Empire all could not match the strongest and advanced Tang Dynasty at the time, in which economy, politics and culture reached unprecedented level. Even today, Chinese overseas are used to be addressed Tang Ren (people from the Tang) and set up the special street named Tangren Jie (Chinatown in English). 贞观之治 Zhen Guan Zhi Zhi, the Glorious Zhen Guan Years of the Tang Dynasty (the early and mid 7th century) The society in the Zhen Guan reign of Emperor Tang Tai Zong has been the model in feudal empire. During this period,the emperor encouraged the free airing of views, appointed virtuous and talented men, and handled affairs according to laws. In this period,the number of officials in central governent was only 25 per cent of that in the Sui Dynasty; the society was in a peaceful and stabile situation,class contradictions were comparatively milder. Three of four pieces of coins could get one dou rice; people ploughed in the field; horses and scattered scattered all over ; empire expanded toward as far as possible. All those mirrored the increasingly flowering Tang Dynasty in the Zhene Guan reign, very different from the bleak vision at the end of the Sui Dynasty. Kai Yuan Tong Bao (issued from 621 A.D. ) It is a great event to establish a new year- title to a regime. The emperor affirmed it finally after discussions among the executive ministers and literati. In the fourth year of the Wu De reign. Emperor Tang Gao Zu abolished Wu Zhu coins which had been in circulation for over 700years in Chinese history and ordered to mint Kai Yuan Tong Bao. 开元盛世 Kai Yuan Sheng Shi Heyday of the Kai Yuan Reign (The period of the early and mid 8th century) Emperor Tang Xuan Zong was a noted imperator in the vigorous Tang era. During the Kai Yuan reign, the country was prosperous and the people lived a peaceful life, the territory extended on a very large scale. The emperor adopted a series of reforms: in politic, he reduced governmental officials and organs and restricted the development of Buddhism; in agriculture, he emphasized production and irrigation works; he also paid much attention to appoint right persons as officials and accepted suggestions willingly. Active trade with outsides brought exchanges in economy, culture and politics among nations, which accelerated the progress of human civilization. Historians described this was a period of property accumuilation. Poets depicted it times with abundant grains. Kai Yuan Tong Bao (moon trail on the reverse) Kai Yuan Tong Bao was in circulation in the Tang Dynasty for more than 200years. Coins cast in three different phases could be recognized according to their tracks. Those minted in the mid Tang carried moon trail that was said Lady Yang pressed her fingernail into the wax sample . There were three year-titled in Emperor Tang Xuan Zong period: Xian Tian, Kai Yuan and Tian Bao. Kai Yuan implies the beginning of a new era.两京华梦 Song- Unchanged Memories With extravagant life in downtowns and wars in borders, the Song Dynasty was a stage full of contradictions,. In the Northern Song Dynasty, population reached 100 million for the first time in Chinese history; living standard, handicraft industry and business all arrived in an unprecedented peak. 咸平之治 Xian Ping Zhi Zhi, the Splendid Xian Ping Years (the early 11th century) We can find the bloom of the Northern Song Dynasty in Zhang Zeduan 's painting named Qingming Shanghetu: the pavement was packed withe bustling crowds, the urban economy was so thriving that all business worked. Emperor Song Zhen Zong, Zhao Heng, exerted himself to make the country prosperous. He adjusted corruption; reduced redundant officials, soldiers and taxes; developed economy and education; collected kinds of suggestions o keep out fierce northern tribesmen. As a result, the population was doubled and finance was straightened up, which marked the Xian Ping reign of the Song Dynasty a flourishing age. Xian Ping Yuan Bao (issued from 998 A.D.),Jing De Yuan Bao (issued from 1004 A.D.).Xiang Fu Yuan Bao (issued from 1008 A.D.), and Tian Xi Tong Bao (issued from 1017 A.D.) Emperor Song Zhen Zong experienced many year-titles like Xian Ping, Jing De, Da Zhong Xiang Fu and son on , among which the year-title Da Zhong Xiang Fu possessed a very interesting story. According to legendary, Emperor Shen Zong dreamed of a god-man dropping papers named Da Zhong Xiang Fu in which Zhao Heng was appointed emperor, hence the casting of Da Zhong Xiang Fu to celebrate. 日月云烟 Ming- Song in the Twilight As the embodiment of centralized kingship, the dominators of the Ming Dynasty regarded the Ming the absolute regime. The early period of the dynasty, from the Hong Wu reign to the times of Emperor Xuan Zong, was the rather peaceful and flourishing stage, during which the country enjoyed unification of politics, thriving economy and social stability. However, the thrifty emperors gradually became extravagant, especially after the middle period of the dynasty . 洪武之治、永乐之治 Hong Wu Zhi Zhi and Yong Le Zhi Zhi, the Magnificent Hong Wu and Yong Le Years (from the mid 14th -mid 15th century ) As a dominator, Zhu YuanZhang took a series of reformations in politics and military to strengthen the centralization and measures to develop economy. As a result, the social economy in the Hong Wu reign reached the height in Chinese history that settled a favorable foundation to the whole Ming regime. In 1393, arable lands all over the country were 4 times than in 1368. Handicraft industry and business then gently became more developed. The height of the Ming Empire came in the period of Emperor Ming Cheng Zu,during which Zheng He sailed from China to many places throughout South Pacific, Indian Ocean, Taiwan, Persian Gulf and assistant Africa in seven accelerated,which accelerated the exchanges of culture and economy. During 30years from the first year of the Jian Wen reign (1399A.D.)to the tenth year of the Xuan De reign (1435 A.D,),the Ming went through the periods of Jian Wen, Yong Le,Hong Wu and Xuan De, in which the dynasty reached its heyday by taking a series of grand measures such as adding governmental organs; opening up border areas and transferring the capital to Beijing, etc. Meanwhile, there had been lurking political crisis behind the rich and peaceful society. Yong Le Tong Bao (issued from 1403 A.D.) The year- title Hong Wu, "Hong" indicating greatness and "Wu" valor, displays Zhu Yuanzhang ' attitude towards forces and magnificent verve. And the year-title Yong Le stands for happiness and peace forever. 清风斜阳 Qing-The Last Days of Feudalistic Dynasties When Chinese people immersed in their richness and stability, the westerners had started their Industrial Revolution. Then the Chinese were dropped behind in this historical competition.With around 1/3 population of the world,this big empire was quiet satisfied with its backward state and isolated itself from outside, which resulted in that China was doomed to be defeated.100years afterward, China 's status in the world was dramatically changed, from an extremely strong and powerful empire into a rather backward country. 康乾盛世 Kang Qian Sheng Shi, the Flourishing Kang Xi and Qian Long Ages (from the mid 17 th c. To the end of 18 th c. ) Teh130 years from Emperor Kang Xi to Emperor Yong Zheng to Emperor Qian Long were another brilliant period in Chinese history, known as Kang Qian Sheng Shi. These there dominators were all willing to summarize the previous dynasties ' s experiences in governing an empire, adopted positive reforms to ensure social stability and economic development. Thus, the Qing Empire greatly exceeded the previous dynasties in various fields,. At the end of the Qian Long reign, China 's economy ranked the first in the world,the population accounted for 1/3 global data; foreign trade stayed in favorable balance for a long time. Kang Xi Tong Bao (issued from 1662 A.D>),Qian Long Tong Bao (issued from 1736 A.D.) The high quality Kang Xi Tong Bao was minted with two denominatins:one with Manchu inscriptions on the reverse to indicate the mint ' s name; the other with that both in Han and Manchu. The word "Kang "expresses the meaning of peace, richness and greatness, and "Xi " the meaning of good luck and brightness. "Qian" ,symbolizing the heaven in the Eight Diagrams, means energy originally and "Long" means prosperity, richness and homage. 购买历史还没有人购买过这个商品 交易说明 点击这里申请支付宝! 新手必读：
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